Terms of Reference

Recovery Potential Assessment – Shortfin Mako Shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) Atlantic Population

Zonal Advisory Meeting – Maritimes, Newfoundland and Labrador, Gulf, and Quebec

November 17-19, 2020
Virtual meeting

Chairperson: Kent Smedbol

Context

After the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) assesses an aquatic species as Threatened, Endangered or Extirpated, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) undertakes a number of actions required to support implementation of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). Many of these actions require scientific information on the current status of the wildlife species, threats to its survival and recovery, and the feasibility of recovery. Formulation of this scientific advice has typically been developed through a Recovery Potential Assessment (RPA) that is conducted shortly after the COSEWIC assessment. This timing allows for consideration of peer-reviewed scientific analyses into SARA processes including recovery planning.

Shortfin Mako shark in the North Atlantic Ocean are considered to be a single Designatable Unit (DU) by COSEWIC. It was first assessed as Threatened in 2006 on the basis of two trends analyses that suggested a decline of 40%-50% in the North Atlantic (COSEWIC 2006). The first international stock assessment of the population was conducted by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) in 2012, which concluded that the population was not overfished and that overfishing was not occurring. Largely due to the ICCAT results, the subsequent COSEWIC assessment in 2017 downgraded the population’s status to Special Concern (COSEWIC 2017). However, a concurrent assessment by ICCAT in 2017 concluded there was a high probability that the population was both overfished and that overfishing was occurring. Therefore, the COSEWIC assessment was referred back to be updated. In 2019, COSEWIC re-assessed the DU as Endangered (COSEWIC 2019).

In support of a SARA listing recommendation for Shortfin Mako shark by the Minister, DFO Science has been asked to undertake an RPA, based on the national RPA Guidance. The advice in the RPA may be used to inform both scientific and socio-economic aspects of the listing decision, development of a recovery strategy and action plan, and to support decision making with regards to the issuance of permits or agreements, and the formulation of exemptions and related conditions, as per sections 73, 74, 75, 77, 78 and 83(4) of SARA. The advice in the RPA may also be used to prepare for the reporting requirements of SARA s.55. The advice generated via this process will update and/or consolidate any existing advice regarding Shortfin Mako shark.

Objective

To provide up-to-date information, and associated uncertainties, to address the following elements:

Biology, Abundance, Distribution and Life History Parameters

Element 1: Summarize the biology of Shortfin Mako.

Element 2: Evaluate the recent species trajectory for abundance, distribution and number of populations.

Element 3: Estimate the current or recent life-history parameters for Shortfin Mako.

Habitat and Residence Requirements

Element 4: Describe the habitat properties that Shortfin Mako needs for successful completion of all life-history stages. Describe the function(s), feature(s), and attribute(s) of the habitat, and quantify by how much the biological function(s) that specific habitat feature(s) provides varies with the state or amount of habitat, including carrying capacity limits, if any.

Element 5: Provide information on the spatial extent of the areas in Shortfin Mako’s distribution that are likely to have these habitat properties.

Element 6: Quantify the presence and extent of spatial configuration constraints, if any, such as connectivity, barriers to access, etc.

Element 7: Evaluate to what extent the concept of residence applies to the species, and if so, describe the species’ residence.

Threats and Limiting Factors to the Survival and Recovery of Shortfin Mako

Element 8: Assess and prioritize the threats to the survival and recovery of the Shortfin Mako.

Element 9: Identify the activities most likely to threaten (i.e., damage or destroy) the habitat properties identified in elements 4-5 and provide information on the extent and consequences of these activities.

Element 10: Assess any natural factors that will limit the survival and recovery of the Shortfin Mako.

Element 11: Discuss the potential ecological impacts of the threats identified in element 8 to the target species and other co-occurring species. List the possible benefits and disadvantages to the target species and other co-occurring species that may occur if the threats are abated. Identify existing monitoring efforts for the target species and other co-occurring species associated with each of the threats, and identify any knowledge gaps.

Recovery Targets

Element 12: Propose candidate abundance and distribution target(s) for recovery.

Element 13: Project expected population trajectories over a scientifically reasonable time frame (minimum of 10 years), and trajectories over time to the potential recovery target(s), given current Shortfin Mako population dynamics parameters.

Element 14: Provide advice on the degree to which supply of suitable habitat meets the demands of the species both at present and when the species reaches the potential recovery target(s) identified in element 12.

Element 15: Assess the probability that the potential recovery target(s) can be achieved under current rates of population dynamics parameters, and how that probability would vary with different mortality (especially lower) and productivity (especially higher) parameters.

Scenarios for Mitigation of Threats and Alternatives to Activities

Element 16: Develop an inventory of feasible mitigation measures and reasonable alternatives to the activities that are threats to the species and its habitat (as identified in elements 8 and 10).

Element 17: Develop an inventory of activities that could increase the productivity or survivorship parameters (as identified in elements 3 and 15).

Element 18: If current habitat supply may be insufficient to achieve recovery targets (see element 14), provide advice on the feasibility of restoring the habitat to higher values. Advice must be provided in the context of all available options for achieving abundance and distribution targets.

Element 19: Estimate the reduction in mortality rate expected by each of the mitigation measures or alternatives in element 16 and the increase in productivity or survivorship associated with each measure in element 17.

Element 20: Project expected population trajectory (and uncertainties) over a scientifically reasonable time frame and to the time of reaching recovery targets, given mortality rates and productivities associated with the specific measures identified for exploration in element 19. Include those that provide as high a probability of survivorship and recovery as possible for biologically realistic parameter values.

Element 21: Recommend parameter values for population productivity and starting mortality rates and, where necessary, specialized features of population models that would be required to allow exploration of additional scenarios as part of the assessment of economic, social, and cultural impacts in support of the listing process.

Allowable Harm Assessment

Element 22: Evaluate maximum human-induced mortality and habitat destruction that the species can sustain without jeopardizing its survival or recovery.

Expected Publications

• Science Advisory Report(s)
• Proceedings
• Research Document(s)

Expected Participation

• Fisheries and Oceans Canada (Ecosystems and Oceans Science, and Aquatic Ecosystems and Fisheries Management sectors)
• Provincial/Territorial jurisdictions/Wildlife Management Boards
• Academia
• Indigenous communities/organizations
• Fishing Industry
• Other invited experts

References

Anon. 2013. Report of the 2012 Shortfin Mako Stock Assessment and Ecological Risk Assessment Meeting (Olhão, Portugal, 11-18 June 2012). ICCAT Col. Vol. Sci. Papers. 69 (4):1427-1570.

Anon. 2018a. Report of the 2017 ICCAT Shortfin Mako Stock Assessment Meeting (Madrid, Spain, 12-16 June 2017). ICCAT Col. Vol. Sci. Papers. 74 (4): 1465-1561.

COSEWIC 2006. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus (Atlantic population) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 24 pp.

COSEWIC. 2017. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Shortfin Mako Isurus oxyrinchus, Atlantic population, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xii + 34 pp.

COSEWIC. 2019. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Shortfin Mako Isurus oxyrinchus, Atlantic Population, in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xi + 38 pp.