Research Document - 2010/104

Stocking history, biological characteristics, and status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) on Prince Edward Island

By D.K. Cairns, D.L. Guignion, T. Dupuis, and R.E. MacFarlane

Abstract

This paper compiles information on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Prince Edward Island (PEI), for use in a review by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada.  Stocking of Atlantic salmon in PEI waters began in 1880, and has continued to the present time, with some interruptions. Prior to the 1970s, most reproductive material used to stock PEI waters was of PEI origin. In the 1970s, a management objective was set to create early salmon runs by using early-run broodstock of mainland origin, or local early-run broodstock which was likely descended at least in part from mainland fish. At least 37 million salmon were released to PEI waters during 1880 to 1960. Original PEI salmon populations were dominated by fall runs of large (>63 cm fork length) fish. These run-time and size characteristics persist in salmon populations in small PEI rivers. In larger PEI rivers where stocking has been intense, early-run small (<63 cm) salmon form a major, often dominant, component of returning adults. Accounts in the early historical period indicate that salmon were present throughout PEI. At least 71 PEI rivers probably offered sufficient habitat to support salmon populations. Of these, 55 rivers have historic or modern records of having been occupied by salmon. Surveys conducted in 2000 to 2002 and in 2007 to 2008 found salmon in 28 and 22 rivers, respectively. Populations in many rivers are very small and face the likelihood of extirpation if current trends continue. Threats to salmon populations in PEI include stream sedimentation, blockages by beaver dams, artificial impoundments, pesticide kills, competition with rainbow trout, and stream blockages by improperly installed culverts.

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